Book: Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources

Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources

An Introduction
Edited by

WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA
Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser

 

Contents

Preface XV

Abbreviations XVII

Acknowledgement XXIII

Part I General thoughts about energy supply
1 Energy supply - today and in the future
1.1 Primary energy sources
1.2 Secondary energy sources
1.3 End-point energy sources
1.4 Effective energy
2 Energy supply in the future - scenarios
2.1 Amount of space
2.2 Potential yield from biomass
2.2.1 Theoretical potential
2.2.1.1 C3 plants (energy plants)
2.2.1.2 C4 plants and CAM plants
2.2.1.3 Micro-algae
2.3 Technical potential
2.4 Economic potential
2.5 Realizable potential
3 History and status to date in Europe
3.1 First attempts at using biogas
3.2 Second attempts at using biogas
3.3 Third attempts at applying biogas
3.4 Status to date and perspective in Europe
4 History and status to date in other countries
4.1 History and status to date in China
4.1.1 Period from 1970 to 1983
4.1.2 Period from 1984 to 1991
4.1.3 Period from 1992 to 1998
4.1.3.1 "A pit with three rebuildings"
4.1.3.2 "4 in 1"
4.1.3.3 "Pig-biogas-fruits"
4.1.4 Period from the year 1999 onwards
4.2 History and status to date in India
4.3 Status to date in Latin America
4.4 Status to date in the CIS states
5 General aspects of the recovery of biomass in the future

Part II Substrate and biogas
1 Biogas
1.1 Biogas compared to other methane-containing gases
1.2 Detailed overview of biogas components
1.2.1 Methane and carbon dioxide
1.2.2 Nitrogen and oxygen
1.2.3 Carbon monoxide
1.2.4 Ammonia
1.2.5 Hydrogen sulfide
1.2.6 Chlorine, fluorine, mercaptans
1.2.7 BTX, PAK, etc.
1.2.8 Siloxanes
2 Substrates
2.1 Liquid manure and co-substrates
2.2 Bio waste from collections of residual waste and trade waste similar to domestic waste
2.3 Landfill for residual waste
2.4 Sewage sludge and co-substrate
2.5 Industrial waste water
2.6 Waste grease or fat
2.7 Cultivation of algae
2.8 Plankton
2.9 Sediments in the sea
2.10 Wood, straw
3 Evaluation of substrates for biogas production
4 Benefits of a biogas plant

Part III Formation of biogas
1 Biochemical reaction
2 Biology
2.1 Bioreactions
2.1.1 Hydrolysis
2.1.2 Acidogenic phase
2.1.3 Acetogenic phase
2.1.4 Methanogenic phase
2.2 Process parameters
2.2.1 Parameter: hydrogen partial pressure
2.2.2 Parameter: concentration of the microorganisms
2.2.3 Parameter: type of substrate
2.2.4 Parameter: specific surface of material
2.2.5 Parameter: disintegration
2.2.6 Parameter: cultivation, mixing, and volume load
2.2.7 Parameter: light
2.2.8 Parameter: temperature
2.2.9 Parameter: pH
2.2.10 Parameter: redox potential
2.2.11 Parameter: nutrients (C/N/P-ratio)
2.2.12 Parameter: trace elements
2.2.13 Parameter: precipitants (calcium carbonate, MAP, apatite)
2.2.14 Parameter: biogas removal
2.2.15 Parameter: inhibitors
2.2.15.1 Oxygen
2.2.15.2 Sulfur compounds
2.2.15.3 Organic acids (fatty acids and amino acids)
2.2.15.4 Nitrate (N03~)
2.2.15.5 Ammonium (NH4+) and ammonia (NH3)
2.2.15.6 Heavy metals
2.2.15.7 Tannins
2.2.15.8 Other inhibiting thresholds
2.2.16 Parameter: degree of decomposition
2.2.17 Parameter: foaming
2.2.18 Parameter: scum
3 Bacteria participating in the process of degradation
3.1 Hydrolyzing genera
3.2 Acidogenic genera
3.3 Acetogenic genera
3.4 Methanogenics
3.5 Methanotropic species

Part IV Laws and guidelines concerning biogas plants
1 Guidelines and regulations
1.1 Construction of plants
1.1.1 Corresponding regulations
1.1.2 Checklist of regulations concerning the plant
1.2 Utilized biomass
1.3 Biomass to be used preferentially
1.4 Distribution of the residues
1.5 Feeding biogas to the gas network
1.6 Risk of explosion
1.6.1 Explosion-endangered areas - ex-zones
1.6.2 Checklist of measures for explosion protection
1.7 Risk of fire
1.7.1 Fire protection sectors
1.7.2 Checklist for fire protection measures
1.8 Harmful exhaust gases
1.8.1 Prescriptions and guidelines
1.8.1.1 Germs
1.8.1.2 Emissions of smells
1.8.2 Checklist for immission prevention measures
1.9 Noise protection
1.9.1 Regulations and guidelines
1.9.2 Checklist for noise protection measures
1.10 Prevention of injuries
1.11 Protection from water
1.11.1 Regulations and guidelines
1.11.2 Checklist for water protection measures
2 Building a biogas plant
2.1 Feasibility study
2.2 Preliminary planning
2.3 The construction process
3 Financing

Part V Process engineering
1 Parts of biogas plants
1.1 Tanks and reactors
1.1.1 Brick tanks
1.1.2 Reinforced concrete tanks
1.1.3 Tanks of normal steel sheet metals with enamel layer or plastic coating
1.1.4 Tanks of stainless steel
1.1.5 Ground basin with plastic foil lining
1.2 Equipment for tempering the substrate
1.3 Thermal insulation
1.4 Piping system
1.5 Pump system
1.6 Measurement, control, and automation technology
1.6.1 Mechanisms for monitoring and regulation
1.6.1.1 Dry matter concentration in the substrate
1.6.1.2 Organic dry matter content and/or total organic carbon (TOC)
1.6.1.3 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
1.6.1.4 Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
1.6.1.5 Degree of decomposition
1.6.1.6 Acid value
1.6.1.7 Determination of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus compounds)
1.6.1.8 Sludge (volume) index (Isv)
1.6.1.9 Ignition loss
1.6.1.10 Biogas yield and quality
1.6.2 Equipment to secure the operatability
1.6.2.1 Foaming
1.6.2.2 Blockage
1.6.3 Safety devices for humans and the environment
1.6.3.1 Safety device before the gas flare
1.6.3.2 Overpressure and negative pressure safety device
1.7 Exhaust air cleaning
2 Area for the delivery and equipment for storage of the delivered biomass
3 Process technology for the upstream processing
3.1 Adjustment of the water content
3.2 Removal of disturbing/harmful substances
3.3 Comminution
3.4 Hygienization
3.4.1 Direct inspection
3.4.1.1 Salmonella
3.4.1.2 Plasmodiophora brassicae
3.4.1.3 Tobacco mosaic virus
3.4.1.4 Tomato seeds
3.4.2 Indirect process inspection
3.4.3 Control of the finished goods
3.5 Disintegration
3.5.1 Mechanical processes
3.5.2 Ultrasonic process
3.5.3 Chemical processes
3.5.4 Thermal processes
3.5.5 Biological processes
3.6 Feeding
4 Fermentation technology
4.1 Batchwise and continuous processes without separators
4.1.1 Systems engineering
4.1.2 Reactor technique
4.1.2.1 Reactor size
4.1.2.2 Reactor Designs
4.1.2.3 Covering of the bioreactor
4.1.2.4 Access door and inlet
4.1.2.5 Drainage layer below the bioreactor
4.1.2.6 Heat insulation
4.1.2.7 Agitators
4.1.2.8 Heating
4.1.3 Efficiency
4.2 Existing installations by different suppliers
4.2.1 WABIO-Vaasa process
4.2.2 DUT process
4.2.3 WABIO process
4.2.4 FarmaticTM biotech energy installation
4.2.5 BigadanTM process (formerly Kriiger process)
4.2.6 ValorgaTM process
4.3 Installation with substrate dilution and subsequent water separation
4.3.1 Equipment
4.3.2 Implemented installations of different manufacturers
4.4 Installation with biomass accumulation
4.4.1 Sewage sludge digestion tower installation
4.4.1.1 Equipment
4.4.1.2 Operation of the digestion tower
4.4.2 Industrial purification of sewage
4.4.2.1 Process engineering and equipment construction
4.4.2.2 Plant installations
4.5 Plants with separation of non-hydrolyzable biomass
4.5.1 Process of suspension
4.5.1.1 Process engineering and equipment construction
4.5.1.2 Efficiency
4.5.1.3 Plant installations
4.5.2 Percolation process
4.5.2.1 Process engineering and equipment construction
4.5.2.2 Plant installations
4.6 Residue storage tank and distribution
5 Special plant installations
5.1 Combined fermentation of sewage sludge and bio waste
5.2 Bio waste plants
5.3 Purification of industrial waste water
5.3.1 Process engineering and equipment construction
5.3.2 Plants for industrial waste water fermentation

Part VI Biogas to energy

1 Gas pipelines
2 Biogasholder
2.1 Biogasholder types
2.1.1 Low-pressure biogasholder
2.1.2 Medium- and high-pressure biogasholders
2.2 Gas flares
3 Gas preparation
3.1 Removal of hydrogen sulfide
3.1.1 Biological desulfurization
3.1.2 Sulfide precipitation
3.1.3 Absorption in a ferric chelate solution
3.1.4 Adsorption at iron-containing masses
3.1.5 Adsorption on activated charcoal
3.1.6 Chemical binding to zinc
3.1.7 Surfactants
3.1.8 Passing the biogas through an algae reactor or addition of sodium alginate
3.1.9 Direct oxidation
3.1.10 Compressed gas scrubbing
3.1.11 Molecular sieves
3.2 Removal of the carbon dioxide
3.2.1 Absorption
3.2.2 Absorbents based on glycol and ethanolamines
3.2.3 Adsorption with pressure swing technology (PSA)
3.2.4 Adsorption with pressure swing technology (VPSA) under vacuum
3.2.5 Diaphragm technology
3.2.6 Mineralization and biomineralization
3.2.7 Cryogenic biogas purification
3.3 Removal of oxygen
3.4 Removal of water
3.5 Removal of ammonia
3.6 Removal of siloxanes
4 Liquefaction or compression of the biogas
4.1 Liquefaction
4.2 Compression
5 Utilization of biogas for the generation of electric power and heat
5.1 Supply of current to the public electricity network
5.1.1 Generators
5.1.2 Current-measuring instruments
5.1.3 Control of the synchronization
5.1.4 Switching devices
5.1.5 Network failure registration
5.1.6 Short-circuit protection
5.1.7 Wattless current compensation
5.2 Heat
5.3 Combined heat and power generator (CHP)
5.3.1 Engines
5.3.1.1 Generation of electricity in a four-stroke gas engine and a Diesel engine
5.3.1.2 Generation of electricity in a Stirling engine
5.3.1.3 Generation of electricity in a fuel cell
5.3.1.4 Generation of electricity in a gas turbine
5.3.1.5 Generation of electricity in a micro gas turbine
5.3.2 Controlling the CHP
5.3.3 Emission control
5.3.3.1 Regulations
5.3.3.2 Measures for the reduction of emissions
5.4 Lessons learnt from experience
5.5 Economy
5.6 CHP manufacturers
6 Biogas for feeding into the natural gas network
6.1 Biogas for feeding into the natural gas network in Switzerland
6.2 Biogas for feeding into the natural gas network in Sweden
6.3 Biogas for feeding into the natural gas network in Germany
7 Biogas as fuel for vehicles
7.1 Example project: "chain of restaurants in Switzerland"
7.2 Example projects in Sweden

Part VII Residues and waste water

1 Residues
2 Waste water

3 Attachment I Typical design calculation for an agricultural biogas plant
Attachment II Economy of biogas plants for the year 2007
(Calculation on the basis of the example of Attachment I)

Print version

up