Glossary

Alternative energy 

Alternative energy – is a sum of prospective methods of energy generation that are not so widespread as conventional energy sources. However they are very interesting due to economical feasibility and environmental impact.  

Anaerobic fermentation 

Anaerobic fermentation – is the process of fermentation in anaerobic environment (oxygen free). End products of such fermentation are methane, carbon dioxide and some other. 

Algae recycling

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Biogas 

Biogas – is gas produced by means of anaerobic fermentation of biomass. Biomass decomposition is made by methanogenic bacterium. Gas composition: methane 50%-87%, 25%-45% CO2, and some admixtures. Microorganisms metabolizing carbon from organic substrates in oxygen free conditions (anaerobically). This process is called rotten or oxygen free fermentation, and follows the food chain. Synonyms for biogas are sewage gas, mine gas, marsh gas, and methane.  

Biodiesel  

Biodiesel – is fuel made of vegetable or animal fat, and their etherification products.  

Biomass

Biomass – is organic substance of biological nature

Biomethane 

Biomethane – is produced by means biogas treatment and CO2 extraction from. After such treatment gas has homogeneous composition containing from 85 to 99% CH4. By composition biomethane is a complete analog of natural gas with only source difference. . 

Biological wastes

Biological wastes – slaughterhouse wastes, fat, entrails, blood, ruminant content. Farm wastes: manure. Poultry wastes: chicken dung. Brewery and alcohol plants: distillery slop and brewers’ grains. Household and factories with biological raw materials wastes.  

Biofuel  

Biofuel – is fuel made of biological raw materials.  

Biogas plant 

Biogas plant – produces biogas and bio-fertilizer from biological wastes of agricultural and food industry by means of anaerobic fermentation.
 
Bioethanol  

Bioethanol – ethanol produced from agricultural raw materials and used as biofuel. Today most part of bioethanol produced from corn (USA) and sugarcane (Brasil). Cultures with high starch and sugar content like potato or fruits are also can be used as raw materials for bioethanol production

Bone crusher

Bone crusher – is set of mechanisms for crushing cattle and poultry bones for further utilization. 

Brewers grains 

Brewers’ grains – is a waste product of brewery plant in a form of lees after brewing. Brewers’ grains contain barn coating and grain kernel parts. Brewers’ grains used for animal feed in dry and fresh state or for biogas production.  

Or  

Brewers grains – insoluble barley remnants obtained in the process of crushed grains filtration used for water mashing. 

Butchering

Butchering – the process of animal killing.

Biogas storage 

Biogas storage – biogas storage is made with the help of gasholders.

Biomass energy 

Biomass energy – the quantity of energy that can be obtained in the process of biomass recycling.

Clamps

Clamps – piles of manure having round shape.

Cesspit

Cesspit – most primitive sewage storage facility. 

Co-generator 

Co-generator – is a generator based on gas or diesel engine. It is the source of electrical and heat power. The primary energy source is gas, biogas or diesel fuel. The mane advantage of co-generation unit to be compared to conventional generators is in its efficiency as co-generator utilizes the heat that usually is lost. 

Co-generation 

The process of energy conversion conserved in fuel into heat and electricity.
 
Compost 

Compost – organic fertilizer that is the product of organic matter decomposition by microorganisms.  

Composting 

Composting – in the process of composting organic biomass is enriched with plant nutrients. Also in the process of composting pathogenic microflora and helminth ages neutralized, the quantity of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin substances is reduced, fertilizer becomes more friable that makes it easier for soil injection.

Cutter 

Cutter – in sausage production is used for blending and mixing with other components of sausage meat. Cutting mechanism and bowl are fixed at cutter plate. Cutting mechanism equipped with sickle-shaped and straight knifes. 

Chicken dung 

Chicken dung - by chemical composition fermented chicken dung refers to the best kinds of organic fertilizer. Most valuable are chicken and dove dung less valuable duck and goose dung.  

Distillery slop (after alcohol production) 

Distillery slop – is the waste product of alcohol production. Distillery Slop is a liquid with pale brown color and grain smell. Dry matter content is 5-15%. Alcohol produced from grain, molasses, fruits, berries, many kinds of potato distillery..  

Distillery slop pipeline

Distillery slop pipeline – is piping system for distillery slop transportation to the place of its recycling or filtration fields. 

Decanter 

Decanter – is a horizontal precipitating screw centrifuge of continuous operation. This is device used for bio-fertilizer liquid and solid fraction detachment.  

Digester 

Digester (bioreactor, fermenter) – facility for biological wastes decomposition.

Digester

Digester – is a concrete reservoir with big volume for biological recycling (fermentation) of biomass with the help of bacteria and other microorganisms in anaerobic environment (oxygen-free). 

Distillery plant treatment facilities 

Distillery plant treatment facilities – facility complex main function of which cleaning and filtration of technical water.  

Dung extraction  

Dung extraction – the analog of manure extraction with the same extraction systems. 

Dung storage 

Dung storage – special storage for poultry dung storage. 

Distillery slop separation 

Distillery slop separation – the process of distillery slop liquid and solid fraction division. Liquid fraction 99% of water, solid fraction 70% of water. Separation is used for reduction active organics disposure to filtration fields. In biogas plants separation is also used but for fermented biomass. 

Distillery slop dry fodder 

Distillery slop dry fodder – solid fraction after distillery slop separation is used as feed for animals. Dry feed is packed in granules or in bulk. This kind of fodder is suitable for cattle, pigs and poultry. However this kind of distillery slop utilization is not optimal one. 

Distillery slop drying

Distillery slop drying technology comprises 3 stages 

1) Solid and liquid fraction division;
2) Evaporation up to 40% of dry matter content;
3) Products 1 and 2 drying (distillery slop drying system). 

Dry distillery slop (protein and carbohydrate feed additive included into food of cattle and poultry) is cooled and sold in bulky state. Distillery slop drying line consumes up to 50% of distillery plant overall energy consumption. 

Excrements  

Excrements – organism vital functions waste products that are subject to disposal. Sweat, urine, faeces, exhalted air are all excrements. 

Entrails  

Entrails – internals of animal (ingluvies, intestine etc.). 

Energy crops 

Energy crops – special crops that are used for biogas production. Corn, pilotweed, goat's rue are energy crops. 

Energy conservation  

Energy conservation – set of measures aimed for efficient electricity and heat usage. 

Ethanol 

Ethanol – alcohol or spirit. Is a highly inflammable, colorless liquid with characteristic odor. There are two ways of ethanol production, distillery fermentation and ethylene hydration.

Excrements  

Excrements – the product of human and animal vital functions and undigested food remnants that are deposited to external environment from distal bowel.

Fodder yeast 

Fodder yeast – On basis of undiluted grain distillery slop. Is a natural product obtained from natural raw material by means of alcohol production secondary product synthesis (dry distillery slop). This kind of distillery slop application is not optimal one.  

Feeding meal (tankage) 

Feeding meal (tankage) – is compound of animal origin with high protein, fats and amino acids content. Usage of feeding meal as fodder is prohibited in Europe. Feeding meal production is mostly used for slaughterhouse wastes recycling rather then for valuable fodder production. For feeding meal production inedible materials like blood, entrails, bones, ruminant content, feather are used. Feeding meal production is highly energy consumptive and economically unfeasible.

Feeding mixture from distillery slop 

Protein feeding mixture is based on distillery slop. As fodder yeast feeding mixture is protein source for animals and poultry. Usage of this nutrients leads to large liver mass of animals and as a result there is no weight increase. Hence it is more feasible to produce energy and bio-fertilizer from those substrates. 

Fodder additives from pulp 

Fodder additives from pulp – are fodder additives that are all based on different pulp kinds. 

Filtration field 

Filtration field - used as mechanical, chemical and biological treatment system. In biological layers organic matter is decomposed by microorganisms. Filtration field are used for household and food industry wastes utilization. Many factors should be taken into consideration in the process of filtration field project engineering like soil composition, sanitation zones, municipal requirements and other. 

Flotation station 

Flotation station – technological units for efficient treatment of sewage water containing so called insoluble substances like fats and cellulose. 

Fermenter 

Fermenter (bioreactor, digester) – tank in which the process of biogas formation takes place. This process flows with the help of microorganisms.

Filtrate 

Filtrate – is a liquid fraction of distillery slop. 

Flotation 

Flotation – the method of solid particles division. As a rule particles are different substances. Flotation is possible only for particles surface of which is not completely moisten. It can be achieved by adding small quantities of special substances - flotation agent.
 
Fruit marc

Fruit marc – fruit press cake. 

Filtrate water 

Filtrate water – sometimes distillery slop. Filtrate water can jam the pipes, riverbeds etc. Filtrate water has long decomposition period and disposes poison to environment. In past time the problem of filtrate utilization was very important in the process of distillery or brewery plant waste facility project engineering. Mostly evaporation technology was used for that. Actually filtrate water contains the whole range of pollutants. Biogas plant equipped with biomass destruction units (cavitators) can solve the filtrate water problem. In addition enzymes application makes organics content after treatment in biogas plant equal to zero. 

Gasholder 

Gasholder – big reservoir for storage of natural gas or biogas. Gasholders can be of variable or constant volume; made of steel, rubber or film.

Gas-hydrate

Gas-hydrate – is supramolecular methane and water compound. Gas-hydrate is stable to low temperatures and widespread in nature.  

Gas-engine power station

Gas-engine power station – co-generation system based on gas driven engine, which allows conversion of fuel energy into electricity and heat power. 

Gas turbine station 

Gas turbine station – is unit based on gas turbine engine. In gas turbine engine gas compressed and heated then energy of compressed and heated gas converted into mechanic energy of gas turbine shaft. As opposed to reciprocating motor in gas turbine all processes take place in a gas flow.  

Grease trap 

Grease trap – used for fat detachment from water.

Hydrogen engine 

Hydrogen engine – as an option, engine that use hydrogen as fuel. 

Hydropower plant

Hydropower plant - is a complex of hydro technical facilities and equipment for potential water stream energy conversion into electricity using hydro turbine.  

Humus

Humus – is a set of organic compounds in soil but not being a part of life organisms or their remnants preserving anatomic features. Humus comprises 85-90% of soil organic matter and is crucial for soil productivity evaluation.

Killing department 

Killing department – is a facility for cattle slaughter and butchery.

Lagoons

Lagoons – special lakes for waste or manure storage. 

Litter (straw or sawdust) 

Litter – is a sawdust or straw floor layer in cattle or poultry house. 

Landfill gas 

Landfill gas – Macrocomponents of landfill gas are methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) their correlation can be different accordingly from 40-70% to 30-60%. As microcomponents landfill gas can contain many other organic compounds. 

Manure granulation 

Manure granulation – the process of manure drying and and its shaping in a form of small granules. 

Mesophilous fermentation 

Mesophilous fermentation – is an optimum temperature for methane bacteria germination 30- 40 °С. This mode of fermentation is most cost effective to be compared to thermophile in terms of heat power usage. 

Methane  

Methane – is elementary hydrocarbon, colorless gas without smell, chemical formula CH4. Slightly soluble in water, lighter then air. In industrial and household applications special odorants are added to give “natural gas” smell. 

Methane bacteria 

Methane bacteria – bacteria that can obtain energy form the process of CO2 reduction to methane. Some methane forming bacteria can ferment methyl alcohol and acetic acid at that methane produced from methyl group carbon. 

Methane filling station 

Methane filling station – is a filling station equipped with gas filling equipment.

Methane formation 

Methane formation – is the process of methane production. 

Mortuary 

Mortuary – is the place for meat processing industry waste disposal. 

Meat processing factory

Meat processing factory – meat processing industry plant. 

Manure extraction

Manure extraction – manure removal from cattle house – one of the most laborious processes. Adjusted and proficiently equipped manure extraction process is important for effective cattle breeding. Manure extraction system efficiency influence to cattle house microclimate, animal health and local ecological situation. 

There are following manure extraction systems.  
  1. Water wash (humidity 99%) – manure extraction with big water quantity. This method is characterized by maximum water pollution. Such extraction system implies further settling, aerobic treatment and flotation. Water treatment facilities for that systems consume about 20% of farm overall energy need. 
  2. Self-flow (humidity 92-96%). System is made in a such way that manure falls through the slots and flows on inclined floor. Water wash is made periodically.
  3. Mechanical (humidity 80-85%). Manure is extracted without water. It is pilled of with an scraper or falls to conveyor belt. 
  4. Semi-mechanical or manual(humidity 60-70%). In case straw or sawdust litter is used manure removal is made 2-3 times per month. Litter is added periodically. 

Modern farms mostly use self-flow system or it’s combination with mechanical system. 

Manure storage 

Manure storage – pit, special closed or open container can be used as manure storage.

Manure drying 

Manure drying – the process of moisture extraction in drying chamber. 

Marc storage 

Marc storage – is a special place or building for marc or press cake storage.
 
Manure storage 

Manure storage – is a farm facility for manure collection and storage. The manure storage volume is defined by the number of cattle, duration of housing season, efficiency of mechanization means and time required for complete manure inactivation for soil injection. Generally the inactivation period makes 3 years.  

Plants tops

Plants tops – leaves of root crops (beet, swede, turnip, carrot, parsnip) and tuberous plants (potato, topinambour). Used as a secondary product of such crops production. 

Poultry factory waste 

Poultry factory waste – chicken dung and slaughterhouse waste. 

Pellets 

Pellets (fuel briskets) – biofuel obtained from waste wood and agricultural wastes. Produced in a form of granules of standard size.

Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis – is a thermal decomposition of organic matter (wood, oil, coal etc.) without oxygen access. 

Pluck  

Pluck – eatable internal part of animals (birds, fish, and other). 

Press filter 

Press filter – equipment that affects filtration with the help of filtration sieve. 

Psychrophilic fermentation

Psychrophilic fermentation – the mode which uses temperatures between 8...20 °С. 

Power efficiency 

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Ruminant remnants  

Ruminant remnants – content of ingluvies and entrails of butcher consisting of not completely digested fodder remnants. Ruminant content is utilized with other slaughterhouse content as fertilizer or pig fodder. 

Reactor

Reactor – system in active zone of which certain reaction takes place.

Slaughterhouse 

Slaughterhouse – place for cattle slaughter

Sugar beet pulp 

Sugar beet pulp – extracted chopper of sugar beet, waste product of sugar industry. Used as cattle fodder in dry (in bulk and briquettes) and ensilaged for biogas production.

Straw furnace

Straw furnace – are special furnace that are equipped for straw combustion.

Settling tank (vertical, conical) 

Settling tank (vertical, conical) – special equipment for manure liquid and solid fraction division.

Separation  

Separation – the process of detachment of heterogeneous compounds of mixtures, liquids with different density, emulsions, liquid or solid suspended matters in gas or steam. 

Solar cell (photovoltaics) 

Solar cell – is the generator of renewable energy source that converts solar light to electricity.
 
Solar panel 

Solar panel – sets of solar cells combined into groups. 

Treatment facilities (cleaning system) 

Treatment facilities (cleaning system) – used for complete or partial purification of industrial water from pollutants that have negative environment impact.

Termophilic fermentation 

Termophilic fermentation – 50 - 55оС the optimum temperature for methane bacteria germination. Mesophilic fermentation is considered to be more economically attractive due to heating aspect.

Veterinary sanitation factory 

Veterinary sanitation factory – other name meat-and-bone powder tankage factory. Such factory recycles waste products of meat processing factories, slaughterhouses, animal dead bodies, murrain.  

Wind power generation 

Wind power generation – methods and means for wind energy conversion into mechanical, electrical of heat energy

Waste utilization and recycling 

Waste utilization and recycling – package of measures aimed for ecological safety and wastes recycling and utilization. 

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